Roman Hydraulic (Marine) Concrete Introduction The Romans first used hydraulic, or marine, concrete in coastal underwater structures, probably in the harbors around Baiae (modern day Baia) and Puteoli (modern day Pozzuoli) sometime around the end of the 2nd century BC (Oleson, et al., 2004) . The harbor of Caesarea is an example (22-15 BC) of the use of underwater Roman concrete technology on a large scale, for which enormous quantities of pozzolana (or volcanic sand) were imported from Puteoli (Brandon, Hohlfelder, & Oleson, 2008) . Vitruvius, writing around 25 BC in his Ten Books on Architecture, distinguished types of materials appropriate for the preparation of lime mortars. For structural mortars, he recommended pozzolana (pulvis puteolanus in Latin), the volcanic sand from the beds of Pozzuoli, which are brownish-yellow-gray in colour in that area around Naples, and reddish-brown near Rome. Vitruvius specifies a ratio of 1 part lime to 3 parts pozzolana for mortar used in bui...
Garb on Garb: Hand carved soapstone lead-free tin alloy buttons Introduction Buttons used to fasten or close clothing first appeared in the 13 th century in Germany, with the first button maker’s guild formed in 1250. In the 13-14 th century, buttons used to accentuate the curves of the body (arms and chests) and the more buttons (and more exotic the button) the higher class you were (Heese & Heese Jr., 2007). Inspiration Located in East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Complete cast pewter button dating to the medieval period (c.AD 1300-1450) (National Museums Liverpool, 2023) . Period Materials and Methods Carved steatite (soapstone) cast button molds have been found dating to Medieval times. Softened animal horn could be pressed into the molds and left to harden, as could metals with low melting points, such as silver and pewter. A button mold measuring 150mm x 50mm x 20mm was found in Scalloway, Scotland showing different sizes and designs (Scalloway Museum, 2022...
Tonight, I started the process for my first hand made garb, a Mongolian deel vest. Since I didn't have a pattern, I made one, which would be great if I was about 4 times smaller, lol, so I made a bigger version. The gold will be the liner and the patterned cloth the outside. I cut 3 of the basic pattern. The next step is to tack (small stitches) the sides down and make sure they close across my chest the way I want. then I will need to cut the top two pieces into the smaller sides to make the vest. Once I know I've got them cut the way I want, I'll cut the same pieces out of the other 3 pieces of fabric (I'm going to make 2 vests) and then make a proper template out of paper I can use for later. Since the large deel is just a longer version with sleeves, I figured I could eventually just extend the length and add those and I'll have the templet I need for the regular deel. Of course, I've never done this before, so who knows what I'll actually end up with wh...
Comments
Post a Comment